Publication List - International Harm Reduction Association

	by category Alcohol Harm Reduction HIV Prevention and Care for IDUs Overdose Policing Harm Reduction (Illicit Drugs) Tobacco Harm Reduction
	by sub-category 01. Meaning of harm reduction in the context of HIV prevention for IDU 01. Overviews 01. Overviews 01. Overviews of Alcohol Harm Reduction 01. Overviews of harm reduction 02. Alcohol Consumption - Recorded and Unrecorded 02. Epidemiology of IDU and related HIV infection 02. Nicotine policy 02. Strategies and Policies 02: Guides and Policies 03. HIV/AIDS prevention policy and programming 03. National and International Policies 03. Needle Exchanges 03. Regulation of nicotine replacement therapies 03: Epidemiological Research 04. Assessing local and national need for interventions 04. Crackdowns and Enforcement 04. Local Policies and Strategies 04. The health risks of smokeless tobacco and its role in a harm reduction strategy 04: Risk Factors and Risk Environments 05. Managing Public Space 05. Police Conduct & Human Rights 05. Regulation of cigarettes 05. Resource allocation/requirements 05: Naloxone Research 06. Advocacy 06. IDU risk behaviour 06. Interventions for High-Risk Groups 06. The failure of light cigarettes 06: Naloxone Programmes 07. Cigarette reduction 07. Drinking and Driving 07. Sexual risk behaviour 07: Other Prevention Research and Interventions 08. Changing Drinking Environments 08. Needle and Syringe Programs 08. PREPS and other tobacco use 09. Glassware in Bars 09. Substitution treatments 09. The role of the tobacco industry and funding 10. Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment 10. Communication and perceptions of relative risk 10. Server Training 11. Harm Reduction Treatments 11. Health promotion and drug education 12. Alcohol and HIV 12. Outreach and peer education 13. Marginalised groups 13. The Alcohol Industry: Partnership, Codes and Conduct 14. Non-IDU drug use risk 15. Drug user organisations 16. Advocacy 17. Human Rights 18. UN position statements and papers on HIV and IDU Additional Papers

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Tobacco Harm Reduction 04. The health risks of smokeless tobacco and its role in a harm reduction strategy
	Accortt NA, Waterbor JW, Beall C & Howard G (2002) Chronic disease mortality in a cohort of smokeless tobacco users. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 730-737. Using longitudinal, 20 year follow up data from the United States, this paper concluded that mortality amongst smokeless tobacco users was not significantly greater than that of non-tobacco users and was appreciably less than that of cigarette smokers. Click to view publication
	Accortt NA, Waterbor JW, Beall C & Howard G (2005) Cancer incidence among a cohort of smokeless tobacco users (United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 16, 107-115. This report presents data from a prospective cohort from the United States, which suggests that the cancer risks are much lower amongst those who use US smokeless tobacco than those who smoke cigarettes. Unfortunately, we are unable to provide free access to this article.
	Bates C, Fagerstrom KO, Jarvis MJ, Kunze M, McNeill A & Ramstrom L (2003) European Union policy on smokeless tobacco: A statement in favour of evidence based regulation for public health. Tobacco Control, 12, 360-367. This commentary article is a statement from experts calling for the EU ban on snus to be removed and replaced with a regulatory framework. Click to view publication
	Boffetta P, Aagnes B, Weiderpass E & Andersen A (2005) Smokeless tobacco use and risk of cancer of the pancreas and other organs. International Journal of Cancer, 114(6), 992-995. This paper provides suggestive evidence of the risks that still exist with smokeless tobacco (hence its role in a harm reduction, as opposed to harm elimination, approach). Using data from Norway, the authors conclude that smokeless tobacco is associated with cancers in the pancreas and (to a lesser extent) the mouth. This material is used by permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (www.wiley.com). Download publication as a PDF
	Bostrom G (2005) Chapter 9: Habits of life and health. In: Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (2005) Public Health - Status Report 2005. Stockholm: Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. This is the first of two relevant chapters (authored by Rosen et al) that form part of a comprehensive governmental review of public health in Sweden. It reviews snus use and its effects in Sweden. Click to view publication
	Critchley JA & Unal B (2003) Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: A systematic review. Thorax, 58, 435-443. This is a comprehensive review that demonstrates that, while smokeless tobacco products in India are associated with a substantial risk of oral cancers, there is insufficient evidence of such a link in Sweden and the USA (although a causal relationship cannot be ruled out). Unfortunately, we are unable to provide free access to this article.
	Fagerstrom KO & Schildt EB (2003) Should the European Union lift the ban on snus?: Evidence from the Swedish experience. Addiction, 98, 1191-1195. This is the second of two debate articles which consider the role of snus in a harm reduction strategy. It appears courtesy of Addiction, although this does not represent an endorsement of this website by the journal. Download publication as a PDF
	Foulds J, Ramstrom L, Burke M & Fagerstrom K (2003) Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden. Tobacco Control, 12, 349-359. This is a review showing how Swedish snus use appears to have contributed to low levels of smoking among men in Sweden. Click to view publication
	Furberg H, Bulik CM, Lerman C, Lichtenstein P, Pedersen NL & Sullivan PF (2005) Is Swedish snus associated with smoking initiation or smoking cessation? Tobacco Control, 14, 422-424. This population based twin study demonstrates that Swedish snus is associated with smoking cessation but, crucially, not smoking initiation. Click to view publication
	Gartner CE, Hall WD, Chapman S & Freeman B (2007) Should the Health Community Promote Smokeless Tobacco (Snus) as a Harm Reduction Measure? PLoS Medicine Vol. 4, No. 7, e185 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040185 This is an interested debate between two experts advocating for ‘snus’ as a harm reducing public health measure (Coral Gartner and Wayne Hall) and two experts advocating for a more “cautious” approach (Simon Chapman and Becky Freeman). Both sides of the argument are presented clearly here. On one hand, tobacco users who switch from cigarettes to snus will reduce their risks. On the other hand, snus may be used by the tobacco industry to bypass the tightening advertising regulations and recruit new tobacco users. Click to view publication Download publication as a PDF

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