Publication List - International Harm Reduction Association

	by category Alcohol Harm Reduction HIV Prevention and Care for IDUs Overdose Policing Harm Reduction (Illicit Drugs) Tobacco Harm Reduction
	by sub-category 01. Meaning of harm reduction in the context of HIV prevention for IDU 01. Overviews 01. Overviews 01. Overviews of Alcohol Harm Reduction 01. Overviews of harm reduction 02. Alcohol Consumption - Recorded and Unrecorded 02. Epidemiology of IDU and related HIV infection 02. Nicotine policy 02. Strategies and Policies 02: Guides and Policies 03. HIV/AIDS prevention policy and programming 03. National and International Policies 03. Needle Exchanges 03. Regulation of nicotine replacement therapies 03: Epidemiological Research 04. Assessing local and national need for interventions 04. Crackdowns and Enforcement 04. Local Policies and Strategies 04. The health risks of smokeless tobacco and its role in a harm reduction strategy 04: Risk Factors and Risk Environments 05. Managing Public Space 05. Police Conduct & Human Rights 05. Regulation of cigarettes 05. Resource allocation/requirements 05: Naloxone Research 06. Advocacy 06. IDU risk behaviour 06. Interventions for High-Risk Groups 06. The failure of light cigarettes 06: Naloxone Programmes 07. Cigarette reduction 07. Drinking and Driving 07. Sexual risk behaviour 07: Other Prevention Research and Interventions 08. Changing Drinking Environments 08. Needle and Syringe Programs 08. PREPS and other tobacco use 09. Glassware in Bars 09. Substitution treatments 09. The role of the tobacco industry and funding 10. Antiretroviral (ARV) treatment 10. Communication and perceptions of relative risk 10. Server Training 11. Harm Reduction Treatments 11. Health promotion and drug education 12. Alcohol and HIV 12. Outreach and peer education 13. Marginalised groups 13. The Alcohol Industry: Partnership, Codes and Conduct 14. Non-IDU drug use risk 15. Drug user organisations 16. Advocacy 17. Human Rights 18. UN position statements and papers on HIV and IDU Additional Papers

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Policing Harm Reduction (Illicit Drugs) 04. Crackdowns and Enforcement
	Aitken C, Moore D, Higgs P, Kelsall J & Kerger M (2002) The impact of a police crackdown on a street drug scene: Evidence from the street. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13(3), 193-202 This study evaluates the impact of ‘Operation Clean Heart’ - a crackdown by police on the street heroin market in Melbourne, Australia. Interviews with drug users, dealers and residents suggest that the operation’s successes were “essentially superficial and temporary”, and achieved at “significant public expense”. There were also non-financial costs of the operation in terms of public health, diverting markets to new areas and increases in violence and fraud. We cannot provide free access to this article at this stage – we hope to correct this soon.
	Best D, Strang J, Beswick T & Gossop M (2001) Assessment of a concentrated, high-profile police operation. British Journal of Criminology, 41, 738-745 Whereas many of the papers in this section concentrate on the effects that police crackdowns have on public health and harm reduction, this one is useful as it emphasises the impacts that crackdowns also do not have on drug price, purity and availability. After a targeted operation in London, England, only 7 out of 174 interviewed drug users reported any increases in drug prices. Unfortunately, we are unable to provide free access to this article.
	Bluthenthal RN, Heinzerling K, Martinez A & Kral AH (2005) Police crackdowns, societal cost, and the need for alternative approaches. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(3), 137-138 This is an editorial piece commenting on the article in this section by Cooper, Wypij & Kreiger (2005), which concentrates on police crackdowns in New York. Link provided courtesy of Elsevier (www.elsevier.com), publishers of the International Journal of Drugs Policy (http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/drupol). Click to view publication
	Cooper H, Moore L, Gruskin S & Krieger N (2005) The impact of a police drug crackdown on drug injectors’ ability to practice harm reduction: A qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine, 61(3), 673-684 This qualitative study interviewed 40 New York injecting drug users about the impact that local police crackdowns have had on their injecting behaviour. The authors conclude that certain police tactics adversely affect drug users’ capacity to engage in harm reduction. Policies, therefore, should be developed in partnership and alongside public health measures. Unfortunately, we are unable to provide free access to this document.
	Cooper HLF, Wypij D & Kreiger N (2005) Police drug crackdowns and hospitalisation rates for illicit-injection-related infections in New York City. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(3), 150-160 This paper is further analysis of the local crackdowns in New York which are also covered in this section by Cooper, Moore, Gruskin & Krieger (2005). Here, the authors used quantitative methods to examine monthly precinct-specific hospitalisation rates for illicit-injection-related abscesses, cellulitis, and endocarditis. Link provided courtesy of Elsevier (www.elsevier.com), publishers of the International Journal of Drugs Policy (http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/drupol). Click to view publication
	Csete J & Cohen J (2003) Abusing the user: Police misconduct, harm reduction and HIV/AIDS in Vancouver. New York: Human Rights Watch This human rights document describes police activity during a crackdown on drug dealers in a district of Vancouver. Through observations and interviews with local residents, the authors document numerous cases where drug users are mistreated, arbitrarily arrested and forcefully searched without charge. The report provides recommendations for policy-makers at the local, provincial and national level, and a good background into the human rights violations faced by many drug users, even in the developed world. The potential harms of this approach are also discussed. Click to view publication
	Dixon D & Maher L (2005) Policing, crime and public health: Lessons for Australia from the ‘New York’ miracle. Criminal Justice, 5(2), 115-143 This paper critiques New York’s zero-tolerance policing strategies of the 1990s (widely credited with reductions in drug-related crime). The authors then analyse the impact that this approach and ideology has had on policing in Sydney, Australia, and the harms to public health that have been associated with the subsequent police crackdowns on the local heroin market. Unfortunately, we are unable to provide free access to this resource.
	Friedman SR, Cooper HLF, Tempalski B, Keem M, Friedman R, Flom PL & Des Jarlias DC (2006) Relationships of deterrence and law enforcement to drug-related harms among drug injectors in US metropolitan areas. AIDS, 20, 93-99 This unique study analysed 89 large metropolitan areas in the USA in terms of “legal repressiveness” (measured by levels of arrests, numbers of police personnel and law enforcement expenditure), numbers of drug injectors and HIV prevalence. The results showed no links between legal repressiveness and numbers of drug injectors (indicating no impact on drug demand), but strong associations with higher HIV prevalence rates (indicating the health harms that such police approaches can cause). Download publication as a PDF
	Hammet TM, Bartlett NA, Chen Y, Ngu D, Coung DD, Phuong NM, Tho NH, Van LK, Liu W, Donghua M, Shaomi X, Chen H, Quyen HN, Broadhead RS & Des Jarlais DC (2005) Law enforcement influences on HIV prevention for injection drug users: Observation from a cross-border project in China and Vietnam. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(4), 235-245 This report from a cross-border HIV prevention project in southern China and northern Vietnam shows that, even when a harm reduction service has official support from local police, drug user engagement can still be affected by actual and perceived threats from law enforcement, police crackdowns and tactics elsewhere, and community stigmatization. We cannot provide free access to this article at this stage – we hope to correct this soon.
	Kerr T, Small W & Wood E (2005) The public health and social impacts of drug market enforcement: A review of the evidence. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16, 210-220 This paper critiques crackdown responses to illicit drugs by reviewing the “limited scientific confirmation for their efficacy”, and the well-documented harms that they may cause (such as increases in risk behaviours, displacement of drug markets and confrontations between drug users and police). These harms can be avoided through modified and monitored police practice, including better partnership development and complementary services (such as drug consumption rooms or treatment). Link provided courtesy of Elsevier (www.elsevier.com), publishers of the International Journal of Drugs Policy (http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/drupol). Click to view publication

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